Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Behavioral Rhythmicity
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
I. Behavior of Rhythmicity
A. Behavioral and Physiological responses exhibit predictable
changes over time
1. Rhythmically repeating responses
a. oscillations with periods from milliseconds to years
b. complement environmentally salient events
i. e.g. seasons, daybreak, high tide
c. merge physiological functions
i. e.g. HPA (stress hormone) acrophase and wakefulness
ii. e.g. activity and body temperature
2. Biologically adaptive
B. Increased efficiency - Energy Management
1. most animals and plants follow a pattern of either
diurnally or nocturnally increased metabolic activity
2. Advantages:
a. decreased
i. total energy expenditure, predator presence
b. increased
i. availability of moisture (dew), photosynthesis
metabolic turnover for poikilotherms,
prey availability
c. hibernation/migration
C. Periodicity
1. Yearly/Seasonally
a. even multiple years
2. Monthly/lunar cycle
3. two weeks
4. daily, Diurnal or Nycthemeral
5. shorter than one day
a. a variety
D. Origin of Rhythmicity
1. exogenous rhythms
a. passive reaction to peroidic input from the environment
2. enodogenous rhythms
a. internally driven
i. oscillator(s)
(1) biological clock(s)
b. Entrainable
i. can be made to match current env. pattern
(1) setting or resetting biological clocks
ii. zeitgeiber = time giver
(1) often light (always in birds)(solar & lunar)
(2) also temperature, moisture, water pressure,
sound, food availability, greeness, magnatism,
gravity, others?
iii. window(s) for clock setting sensitivity
(1) night sensitivity greatest
(a) morning sensitivity also high
(2) resetting jet-lag easiest going from east to west
c. free running period
i. length of cycle without zeitgeibers
(1) varies from species to species
(2) varies between individuals
ii. Circannual Rhythms about a year
iii. Circalunar 28 days
v. Circatidal
(1) Spring/Neap 13-14 days
(2) Daily High/Low 12 - 13 h
vi. Circadian Rhythms 23 to 28 h
vii. Ultradian rhythms shorter than 24 h
(1) pulsatile seconds/minutes/ 1 hour
E. Oscillators
1. Most cells have a free-running periodicity
2. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a. primary oscillator
i. master clock
(1) organizes other oscillators
(2) synchronizes other oscillators
ii. located just above the optic chiasm in the
hypothalamus
(1) core and shell regions
3. other oscillators: retina, pineal, habenula,
other hypothalamic nuclei
4. Frequency and Phase
a. frequency = period = length of one cycle
b. phase = instantaneous state of an oscillation
i. acrophase = peak in the cycle
(1) nadir = low point
ii. phase shifting
(1) acrophase may change to another time of day
iii. altering the frequency automatically
shifts the phase
iv. phase angle = difference in phase between
2 oscillations
4. Multiple vs Single oscillator systems
a. variable rhythm periodicity within an organism
i. circa: annual, lunar, tidal, dian
b. phase synchronization
i. two or more rhythms with the same or complementary frequency and phase
ii. desynchronization: rhythms may be phase
shifted under strong zeitgeiber influence
iii. yearly patterns may be related to circadian patterns
with different frequencies or different zeitgeibers
that come into phase once a year
c. split rhythms
i. bimodal patterns
F. Examples
1. Circannual: reproduction, migration, hibernation,
molting, antler growth, rut, courting, nesting,
parental behavior, dispersal
2. Circalunar: gruion feeding, rectal temperatures,
menstrual cycles
3. Circatidal: oysters opening shell valves,
crab feeding/locomotion
4. Circadian: sleeping/wakefulness, HPA axis, activity,
body temperature
5. Ultradian: pulsatile hormone release - GnRH, LH, FSH, CRH,
ACTH, B